Thermal and Thermal-Oxidative Molecular Degradation of Polystyrene and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene during 3D Printing Starting from Filaments and Pellets

Abstract

An important polymer processing technique is additive manufacturing (AM), which enables shape-free design of complex final parts with limited waste during the development change, at least if the impact of molecular degradation reactions is minimized. In the present work, polystyrene (PS) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer have been processed via: (i) fused filament fabrication (FFF), separately accounting for the prior single screw extrusion (SSE) filament production; and (ii) pellet-based additive manufacturing (PBAM), which are two important AM techniques. The influence of printing temperature, layer thickness, printing velocity, and printing technique on the degradation of both polymeric materials is studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), small amplitude oscillatory shearing tests (SAOS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and yellowness index (YI) measurements. For ABS, SSE-FF leads to more fission (higher mechanical loading) whereas PBAM results in more cross-linking (more thermal loading). For PS, fission is always dominant and this more evident under FFF conditions. ABS also exhibits yellowing upon processing, indicating thermo-oxidative degradation although below the FTIR sensitivity limit. The selected PBAM conditions with PS are already delivering printed specimens with good mechanical properties and lower degradation. For ABS, a further PBAM optimization is still desired compared to the FFF countercase, taking into account layer-by-layer adhesion.