Abstract
Implantable devices, ultrasound imaging catheters, and ablation catheters (such as renal denervation catheters) are biomedical instruments that generate heat in the body. The generated heat can be harmful if the body temperature exceeds the limit of almost 315 K. This paper presents a heat-transfer model and analysis, to evaluate the temperature rise in human blood due to the power loss of medical catheters and implantable devices. The dynamic of the heat transfer is modeled for the blood vessel, at different blood flow velocities. The physics and governing equations of the heat transfer from the implanted energy source to the blood and temperature rise are expressed by developing a Non-Newtonian Carreau–Yasuda fluid model. We used a Finite Element method to solve the governing equations of the established model, considering the boundary conditions and average blood flow velocities of 0–1.4 m/s for the flow of the blood passing over the implanted power source. The results revealed a maximum allowable heat flux of 7500 and 15,000 W/m2 for the blood flow velocities of 0 and 1.4 m/s, respectively. The rise of temperature around the implant or tip of the catheter is slower and disappeared gradually with the blood flow, which allows a higher level of heat flux to be generated. The results of this analysis are concluded in the equation/correlation , to estimate and predict the temperature changes as a function of heat flux, H, and the blood flow velocity, V, at the implant/catheter location.
Highlights
The human body is a thermodynamic system that regulates the internal body temperature by physiological actions [1]
Periodic of theisblood flow velocity is summarized in Equation (5): This periodic functionThis of the blood function flow velocity summarized in Equation
We developed and presented a heat transfer model for electronic devices designed to be operated inside the human body
Summary
The human body is a thermodynamic system that regulates the internal body temperature by physiological actions [1]. Any thermal disorder of the human body will be regulated to a constant body core temperature of 309.65 K (36.5 ◦ C) naturally (T(K) = T(◦ C) + 273.15). The core body temperature has a narrow range between 309.15 K (36 ◦ C) and 311.15. The body’s metabolic heating and cooling mechanisms make a balance with external heat increment or loss, with the help of evaporation, radiation, convection, and conduction processes. The body can be adapted to a great range of external temperature changes, including hot, humid, or arid conditions, a high temperature can cause serious hyperthermia, resulting in body stress, the danger of injury, and death
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