Abstract
This work reports on the thermal analysis of epoxy containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surface-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (PVC–S/MNP) and its bulk-modified nickel-doped counterpart (PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B). Nanoparticles were synthesized through the cathodic electro-deposition method. The morphology of particles was imaged on a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), while X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to detect changes in the structure of nanoparticles. The magnetic behavior of particles was also studied by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). In particular, we focused on the effect of the bulk (Ni-doping) and surface (PVC-capping) modifications of MNPs on the thermal crosslinking of epoxy using nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) varying the heating rate. The cure labels of the prepared nanocomposites were assigned to them, as quantified by the cure index. The good cure state was assigned to the system containing PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B as a result of excessive ring opening of epoxy. Cure kinetics parameters of PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B incorporated epoxy was obtained by the use of isoconversional methodology. The activation energy of epoxy was decreased upon addition of 0.1 wt% of PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B due to the reaction of Cl− of PVC by the functional groups of resin.
Highlights
Epoxy resins have widely been applied in technological fields because of their promising physical and mechanical [1], adhesion [2,3], flame retardant [4] and anti-corrosion [5] properties
This work reports on the thermal analysis of epoxy containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surface-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (PVC–S/Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)) and its bulk-modified nickel-doped counterpart (PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B)
We focused on the effect of the bulk (Ni-doping) and surface (PVC-capping) modifications of MNPs on the thermal crosslinking of epoxy using nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) varying the heating rate
Summary
Epoxy resins have widely been applied in technological fields because of their promising physical and mechanical [1], adhesion [2,3], flame retardant [4] and anti-corrosion [5] properties. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been synthesized and incorporated into the epoxy matrix for improving their thermal, mechanical, anti-corrosion and electrical properties [18,19]. It was reported that gadolinium (Gd)-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles improve the crosslinking of epoxy by substituting Fe3+ with Gd3+ [25]. It was found that curing reactions taking place between the epoxy and amine curing agent are intensified by the introduction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped with Co2+ [26], because of replacing Fe2+ in the bulk layers by the Co2+ deagglomeration. Three types of MNPs including naked MNPs, polyvinyl chloride surface functionalized MNPs (PVC–MNPs) and Ni2+-doped PVC–MNPs were compared for their effects on crosslinking of epoxy. The cure kinetics of epoxy systems was studied using isoconversional methods
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