Abstract
This paper discusses the Darcy–Forchheimer three dimensional (3D) flow of a permeable nanofluid through a convectively heated porous extending surface under the influences of the magnetic field and nonlinear radiation. The higher-order chemical reactions with activation energy and heat source (sink) impacts are considered. We integrate the nanofluid model by using Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis. To convert PDEs (partial differential equations) into non-linear ODEs (ordinary differential equations), an effective, self-similar transformation is used. With the fourth–fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF45) approach using the shooting technique, the consequent differential system set is numerically solved. The influence of dimensionless parameters on velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles is revealed via graphs. Results of nanofluid flow and heat as well as the convective heat transport coefficient, drag force coefficient, and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers under the impact of the studied parameters are discussed and presented through graphs and tables. Numerical simulations show that the increment in activation energy and the order of the chemical reaction boosts the concentration, and the reverse happens with thermal radiation. Applications of such attractive nanofluids include plastic and rubber sheet production, oil production, metalworking processes such as hot rolling, water in reservoirs, melt spinning as a metal forming technique, elastic polymer substances, heat exchangers, emollient production, paints, catalytic reactors, and glass fiber production.
Highlights
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying nanofluids due to their enormous potential to enhance heat transfer
Alotaibi et al [4] presented a comprehensive analysis on the impact of the heat absorption and the suction on 2D Casson nanofluid flow via a non-linear stretching surface with viscous dissipation
It is clear that φ(ζ ) diminishes with higher amounts of the thermophoresis parameter up to a certain distance from the stretching sheet; after this point, the opposite happens, with an increase in Nb leading to an increment in the concentration profile
Summary
There has been a growing interest in studying nanofluids due to their enormous potential to enhance heat transfer. References may provide additional relevant studies on Darcy–Forchheimer flow and a variety of reports about this point in [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] These studies focused on nanofluid flow through Darcy–Forchheimer porous materials, they were able to study specific effects, which are points of distinction for these studies, as follows: convective conditions [28], the Williamson nanofluid model [29], binary reactions [30,31], activation energy [32], secondorder slip velocity [33], Ohmic heating and heat source (sink) [34], entropy production [35,36,37], magnetic Reynolds numbers [38], and electromagnetic field [39]. Tables demonstrate the values of the skin friction and local Nusselt numbers
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