Abstract
This work has developed mathematical models for thermal transport by treating Al2O3 as nanoparticles of a single type and Al2O3 and Cu as hybrid nanoparticles in a hyperbolic tangent fluid. The solution for the developed mathematical models is computed by FEM in order to compare the thermal performances of the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid. The convergence, error, and mesh-free analyses are carried out to get physically realistic solutions so that useful information about the underlying thermal physics is extracted. Numerical experiments revealed that the momentum of stretching of the cylinder diffuses faster in a nanofluid than in a hybrid nanofluid. The heat generation rate in the hybrid nanofluid is higher than that in a nanofluid. Simulated results have also revealed that the thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid is better than that of the nanofluid. Therefore, dispersing hybrid nanoparticles (combination of Cu and Al2O3) in a hyperbolic tangent fluid is recommended for efficient working fluids. Surprisingly, the wall shear stress for the hybrid nanofluid is higher than that of the nanofluid. Numerical data extracted from numerical experiments revealed that the wall heat transfer rate for a hybrid nanofluid is higher than that of the nanofluid. It is also observed that the rate of generation of heat in the hybrid nanofluid is greater than the rate of generation of heat in a nanofluid, which is a drawback of the hybrid nanofluid when it is treated as a coolant. The diffusion of the wall momentum in hybrid nanofluids is less than that in nanofluids. The hybrid nanofluid is a more efficient working fluid because of its high thermal performance when compared with the nanofluid. The intensity of the magnetic field causes a significant reduction in the flow and has a remarkable impact on the momentum boundary layer thickness.
Highlights
Several techniques for enhancing the thermal performance of working fluids have been adopted to improve the efficiency of thermal and cooling systems
Mathematical models governing the thermal performance of a nanofluid (Cu and a hyperbolic tangent fluid) and a hybrid nanofluid are solved numerically using FEM
Various numerical experiments are carried out to analyze the thermal performance of the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid and the influence of relevant parameters on temperature and velocity
Summary
Several techniques for enhancing the thermal performance of working fluids have been adopted to improve the efficiency of thermal and cooling systems. Ramzan et al.[7] investigated the impact of nanoparticles on the transport of heat energy in natural convection in a cavity subjected to an elliptical heater. They studied the influence of the shape of nanostructures on the thermal performance of nanofluids. Saleem et al.[8] considered the combined role of nanostructures, thermal radiations, resistance of porous medium, and magnetic field in the transport of heat energy and solved the problems using FEM. Hosseinzadeh et al.[11] considered the simultaneous effects of thermal radiation, chemical reaction, and porous medium on heat transport in a Maxwell fluid over a convectively heated surface and studied the influence of key parameters on heat transfer characteristics. Gholinia et al.[12] modeled the transport of mass subjected to chemical reactions in a magnetohydrodynamic Erying-Powell fluid over a rotating disk and numerically investigated the impact of homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reactions on the transport mechanism
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