There may be no minimal non-$\sigma$-scattered linear orders

Abstract

In this paper we demonstrate that it is consistent, relative to the existence of a supercompact cardinal, that there is linear order which is minimal with respect to being non $\sigma$-scattered. This shows that a theorem of Laver, which asserts that the class of $\sigma$-scattered linear orders is well quasi-ordered, is sharp. We also prove that PFA${}^+$ implies that every non $\sigma$-scattered linear order either contains a real type, an Aronszajn type, or a ladder system indexed by a stationary subset of $\omega_1$, equipped with either the lexicographic or reverse lexicographic order. Our work immediately implies that CH is consistent with no Aronszajn tree has a base of cardinality $\aleph_1$. This gives an affirmative answer to a problem due to Baumgartner.