There can be no dark energy or space expansion because radiation pressure forces can cause the universe to expand

Abstract

Space expansion or dark energy are usually used to explain the fact that our universe is expanding at accelerating speeds. However, calculations show that the sun’s total gravitational forces towards the entire universe, excluding nearby galaxies, is 1.645×1019N, while the sun’s average total radiation pressure force is 1.33×1021N. So, the sun’s radiation pressure force is much (80 times) larger than its gravitational force. Thus the sun’s overall effect towards the universe is to push the universe to expand instead of pulling the universe to contract. Because the sun is just a normal star, the total expanding forces (stars’ radiation pressure force) inside universe are much bigger than the total contracting forces (gravitational force) inside the universe, resulting in a universe expanding at accelerating rates. In addition, factors such as cosmic rays also help to cause the universe to expand. Thus, there is no need to use dark energy or space expansion theory to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. Specifically, it is deduced that the relationship between the total radiation pressure force (F) of a star and the power (P) of the star is: F=(1+ρ)P/C.