Abstract
The therapeutic management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and spondyloarthritis includes NSAIDs and biological therapies (TNF-α antagonists), as well as nonpharmacological procedures (education and physical therapy). Together with physiotherapy, NSAIDs remain the first-line treatment in AS, especially in patients with axial disease. TNF-α antagonists have been demonstrated to be highly effective in AS, with control of pain, extra-articular manifestations and systemic and spinal MRI inflammation while they are not able to slow down radiographic progression in the spine. Since approximately 20–25% of AS patients are considered as non-major responders to TNF-α blockers, there is an unmet need for alternative therapies.
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