Abstract
Iridoids belong to a family of monoterpenoids comprising the cyclopentan[c]-pyran system; this class of compounds offers a wide range of biological effects, namely antileishmanial, anticancer, antiplasmodial, and anti-inflammatory potency. To date, a large number of biologically active iridoid derivatives have been reported from various plant families, including Rubiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Verbenaceae. Furthermore, iridoids have the potential to form conjugates with other anticancer, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, and antimalarial drugs which synergistically have the potential to increase their effects. Additionally, future research should focus on the synthesis of halo analogs as well as preparing homo dimers or heterodimers of iridoids, since these might quite conceivably possess an increased bioactivity.
Highlights
Iridoids are an important class of monoterpenoids comprising the cyclopentan[c]-pyran system (Figure 1) [1,2]
Iridoids are undoubtedly one of the most important classes of natural products produced by plants
Cytotoxic iridoids may be very important in treating various cancers, namely, ovarian, breast, lung, liver, rectum/colon, osteosarcoma, leukemia, gastric cancer cell, and pancreatic cancer
Summary
Iridoids are an important class of monoterpenoids comprising the cyclopentan[c]-pyran system (Figure 1) [1,2]. The majority of carbocyclic iridoids comprise a cis-fused cyclopentane ring having β-configured substituents at C-5 and C-9. The tremendous chemodiversity in carbocyclic iridoids has been generated via modifications in the cyclopentane ring through insertion of hydroxyl, epoxy, keto, acyloxy, chloro, and olefin groups. Iridoids and their glycosides are found in many families of plants, such as Cornaceae, Rubiaceae, Garryaceae, Eucommiaceae, Garryaceae, Ericaceae, Buddlejaceae, Globulariaceae, Hippuridaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Martyniaceae, Myoporaceae, Lamiaceae, Apocynaceae, Altingiaceae, Davidiaceae, Monotropaceae, Pyrolaceae, Stylidiaceae, and Globulariaceae [6]. Iridoids possess antitumor (towards various cancer cell lines), neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiviral, anti-leishmanial, hypoglycaemic, antiallergic, hypolipidemic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, choleretic, immunomodulator, and molluscicidal effects [7,8]
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