Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as cell free therapy is a promising approach to stimulate tissue regeneration including that of the nervous system. EVs transfer bioactive proteins and lipids, RNA and microRNAs, which play a relevant role in EV-mediated intercellular communication. The immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs have been well studied, knowledge of this paracrine mechanism and the availability of these cells, positions mesenchymal stem cells as a potential source of EVs for cell free therapy for a variety of regenerative and nervous system disorders. In this review, we focus on the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of stem cells-derived EVs within in vitro and in vivo models of nerve disorders.
Highlights
The need to improve the effectiveness of available therapeutic protocols used within the regenerative medicine field, has led to a number of different approaches
Stem cell therapy has been at the forefront of regenerative medicine for the last decade, but poor clinical trial reports have shifted the focus of researchers to develop improved protocols and complementary approaches
The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has not been fully elucidated, their use can be said to be most promising for the treatment of different disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), when drugs are of limited use due to their inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Summary
The need to improve the effectiveness of available therapeutic protocols used within the regenerative medicine field, has led to a number of different approaches. Stem cell therapy has been at the forefront of regenerative medicine for the last decade, but poor clinical trial reports have shifted the focus of researchers to develop improved protocols and complementary approaches. It became apparent, that the therapeutic effect of stem cells can be enhanced through the expression of genes of neurotrophic factors using gene therapy approaches. MSCs-derived conditional medium was reported to stimulate functional and morphological improvement in pathological conditions such as renal injury, myocardial infarction, and fulminant hepatic failure (Bi et al, 2007; Parekkadan et al, 2007; Timmers et al, 2007)
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