Abstract
Heart failure affects 4.8 million Americans. The prognosis for heart failure patients remains grim and morbidity high, with a six-year mortality rate of 82% in men and 67% in women. Goals in management of heart failure are: primary prevention; education regarding risk factors; early, appropriate, and aggressive medical management; and continued research into the pathophysiology of heart failure. This paper reviews the evidence from clinical trials for the use of angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE I), angiotensin receptor II blockers, beta blockers, aldosterone antagonists, digoxin, direct-acting vasodilators, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and inotropes, to improve survival and lessen morbidity.
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