Abstract
l-Ascorbic acid (ASA), vitamin C, is a ubiquitous carbohydrate-like compound that has an essential role in a number of cellular processes, such as collagen synthesis, cellular oxidation, and various hydroxylation reactions. ASA is a biomolecule of critical importance for protection of cellular components against oxidative damage caused by toxic free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are involved in the development of various types of chronic diseases. Vitamin C has a switchover role from being an antioxidant in physiological conditions to a prooxidant under pathologic conditions. Moreover, some l-ascorbic acid derivatives exhibit strong and selective antitumor and antiviral activity. This review emphasizes the advances on diverse and potent biological profiles of l-ascorbic acid and its derivatives, and their perspective in the development of new bioactive chemical entities in the future. The work is primarily addressed at antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral potencies of l-ascorbic acid and compounds containing its butenolide structural motif.
Highlights
Vitamin C and Its Antioxidant and Antitumor ActivitySince the discovery of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid, Ascorbic acid (ASA), 1, Figure 1) acting as a powerful anti-scorbutic agent, the number of its biological properties is continually expanding [1]
3-phosphate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAD+: oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; the citric acid (TCA): citric acid cycleNADH: known as the tricarboxylic acid or the Krebs cycle; adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP): adenosine dehydrogenase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAD+: oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; TCA: citric acid cycle known as the tricarboxylic acid or the Krebs cycle; These results provide a mechanistic rationale for exploring the therapeutic use of vitamin C for ATP: adenosine 50 -triphosphate
The results suggest that K873 hasthat a K873 has a similar mechanism of action as ASA, and reduces the expression of genes that are involved in the cell similar mechanism of action as ASA, and reduces the expression of genes that are involved in the cell cycle As progression
Summary
Since the discovery of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid, ASA, 1, Figure 1) acting as a powerful anti-scorbutic agent, the number of its biological properties is continually expanding [1]. It is known that ascorbate, a conjugate base of l-ascorbic acid, is an antioxidant and free radical scavenger, as well as a cofactor required for key enzyme reactions [2]. It has been found that ASA exhibits prooxidant activity This behavior can be explained by the very good reducing ability of ascorbate [8], which can reduce catalytic metals such as Fe3+ to Fe2+ and Cu2+ to Cu+ , increase the prooxidant chemistry of these metals, and facilitate the generation of ROS. As a reducing agent and electron donor antioxidant, ASA can undergo two consecutive one-electron reactions and deprotonation of both hydroxyl groups at positions 2 and, Antioxidants. In the first almost every oxidazing radical formed in the biological one electron oxidation themV), cycle, the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase, using ascorbatesystem as the causes electron donor, reduces
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