Therapeutic Metabolic Inhibition: Hydrogen Sulfide Significantly Mitigates Skeletal Muscle Ischemia Reperfusion Injury In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that hydrogen sulfide is capable of mitigating the degree of cellular damage associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is protective in skeletal muscle. This study used both in vitro (cultured myotubes subjected to sequential anoxia and normoxia) and in vivo (mouse hind-limb ischemia followed by reperfusion) models in which hydrogen sulfide (0 to 1000 μM) was delivered before the onset of oxygen deficiency. Injury score and apoptotic index were determined by analysis of specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, respectively. In vitro, hydrogen sulfide reduced the apoptotic index by as much as 99 percent (p=0.001), with optimal protection conferred by raising intravascular hydrogen sulfide to 10 μM. In vivo, 10 μM hydrogen sulfide delivered before 3 hours of hind-limb ischemia followed by 3 hours of reperfusion resulted in protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced cellular changes, as evidenced by significant decreases in injury score and apoptotic index (by as much as 91 percent; p=0.001). These findings were consistent at 4 weeks after injury and reperfusion. These findings confirm that the preischemic delivery of hydrogen sulfide limits ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced cellular damage in myotubes and skeletal muscle and suggests that, when given in the appropriate dose, this molecule may have significant therapeutic applications in multiple clinical scenarios.