Abstract
Respiratory diseases, especially the pandemic of respiratory infectious diseases and refractory chronic lung diseases, remain a key clinical issue and research hot spot due to their high prevalence rates and poor prognosis. In this review, we aimed to summarize the recent advances in the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of key common bioactive compounds from Chinese herbal medicine. Based on the theories of traditional Chinese medicine related to lung diseases, we searched several electronic databases to determine the high-frequency Chinese medicines in clinical application. The active compounds and metabolites from the selected medicines were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) by analyzing oral bioavailability and drug similarity index. Then, the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of the selected bioactive compounds in the viral and bacterial infections, inflammation, acute lung injury (ALI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and lung cancer were summarized. We found that 31 bioactive compounds from the selected 10 common Chinese herbs, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and β-sitosterol, can mainly regulate NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, NLRP3, TGF-β/Smad, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways to inhibit infection, inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition, and tumor growth in a series of lung-related diseases. This review provides novel perspectives on the preclinical study and clinical application of Chinese herbal medicines and their bioactive compounds against respiratory diseases.
Highlights
Respiratory diseases include respiratory infectious diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial pulmonary disease (ILD), and lung cancer
The abovementioned therapeutic effects and mechanisms of resveratrol have been demonstrated in animal models (Chen et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2017a). These findings suggest that six main compounds can regulate NF-κB, unfolded protein response (UPR), TGF-β, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and SIRT1 pathways to inhibit COPD in different cell and animal models (Table 3)
According to the theories of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and commonly used Chinese medicines in the clinical application against respiratory diseases, this review summarizes the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of 31 active compounds of 10 Chinese herbal medicines in six main lung-related diseases, including pulmonary infection, acute lung injury (ALI), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), COPD, asthma, and lung cancer
Summary
Respiratory diseases include respiratory infectious diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial pulmonary disease (ILD), and lung cancer. Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at the end of 2019, there have been nearly 180 million confirmed cases, including 3.9 million deaths by June 25, 2021 (Mortality et al, 2019; Berlin et al, 2020) Pneumonia is another common respiratory infection, it can lead to hospitalization and death in all age group, and the annual costs exceed $10 billion in the United States and Europe (Global, 2018; Stets et al, 2019). Chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD, ILD, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and lung cancer, seriously affect human health, these diseases were associated with more than 4 million deaths (7% of all deaths) worldwide in 2017 (Global, 2018). The therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of potential intervention strategies have become a hot spot for multidisciplinary research
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