Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the most common age-related motoric neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the cardinal motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, there are numerous non-motor symptoms as well. Among the non-motor symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction is common. Autonomic symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease include sialorrhea, hyperhidrosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and urinary dysfunction. Botulinum neurotoxin has been shown to potentially improve these autonomic symptoms. In this review, the varied uses of botulinum neurotoxin for autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease are discussed. This review also includes discussion of some additional indications for the use of botulinum neurotoxin in Parkinson’s disease, including pain.
Highlights
IntroductionFirst described in 1817 by James Parkinson in his work “An Essay on the Shaking
First described in 1817 by James Parkinson in his work “An Essay on the ShakingPalsy” [1], Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common age-related motoric neurodegenerative disease [2,3,4]
The non-motor aspects of PD include a variety of domains such as sleep disorders, pain, cognitive dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction [2,7,9]
Summary
First described in 1817 by James Parkinson in his work “An Essay on the Shaking. Palsy” [1], Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common age-related motoric neurodegenerative disease [2,3,4]. Estimates indicate that in 2010 the prevalence of PD in those over age 45 was 680,000 in the United States, with that number estimated to rise to 1,238,000 in 2030 [5]. Idiopathic PD has traditionally been considered the most common form of parkinsonism [7,10,11]. The concept of idiopathic PD as a single entity has been challenged [7,8,12]. As we learn more about clinical subtypes, pathogenic genes, and possible causative environmental agents of PD, it seems logical that PD is more diagnostically complex than initially thought [7,12,13]
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