Therapeutic and Improving Function of Lactobacilli in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular-Related Diseases: A Novel Perspective From Gut Microbiota.

Xin Zhao,Xinqin Zhong,Xiaoying Wang,Xiumei Gao,Xiao Liu

doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.693412

Xin Zhao, Xinqin Zhong + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.693412

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Abstract

The occurrence and development of cardiovascular-related diseases are associated with structural and functional changes in gut microbiota (GM). The accumulation of beneficial gut commensals contributes to the improvement of cardiovascular-related diseases. The cardiovascular-related diseases that can be relieved by Lactobacillus supplementation, including hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, have expanded. As probiotics, lactobacilli occupy a substantial part of the GM and play important functional roles through various GM-derived metabolites. Lactobacilli ultimately have a beneficial impact on lipid metabolism, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress to relieve the symptoms of cardiovascular-related diseases. However, the axis and cellular process of gut commensal Lactobacillus in improving cardiovascular-related diseases have not been fully elucidated. Additionally, Lactobacillus strains produce diverse antimicrobial peptides, which help maintain intestinal homeostasis and ameliorate cardiovascular-related diseases. These strains are a field that needs to be further investigated immediately. Thus, this review demonstrated the mechanisms and summarized the evidence of the benefit of Lactobacillus strain supplementation from animal studies and human clinical trials. We also highlighted a broad range of lactobacilli candidates with therapeutic capability by mining their metabolites. Our study provides instruction in the development of lactobacilli as a functional food to improve cardiovascular-related diseases.

Highlights

Cardiovascular diseases and related diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes, are the leading causes of death worldwide and continue to be an economic and health burden [1,2,3]
Supplementation with L. paracasei NTU101 considerably reduced the ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and total antioxidant status of the blood and relieve the degree of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS); this strain can effectively prevent hyperlipidemia-induced oxidative stress and atherosclerosis [136]
The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule, intercellular adhesion molecule, and E-selectin were remarkably downregulated in L. plantarum Lp91-fed LPS-induced mice compared with the control group; its anti-inflammation effect might be involved in cardiovascular-related diseases [161]

Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases and related diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes, are the leading causes of death worldwide and continue to be an economic and health burden [1,2,3]. Various Lactobacillus strains have been widely studied for their interventions in cardiovascular-related diseases via the modulation of lipid cholesterol metabolism, immuneinflammatory response, oxidative stress response, and the involvement of GM-derived metabolites, including TMAO, SCFAs, LPS, and BAs [10,11,12,13].

Results

Conclusion