Abstract
Terpenoids are the most diverse and largest class of chemicals of the innumerable plant-based compounds. Plants carry out a number of essential growth and production functions using terpenoid metabolites. In contrast, most terpenoids are used in the abiotic and biotic systems for complex chemical interactions and defense. Terpenoids derived from plants mostly used humans for pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries in the past. However, recently biofuel products have been developed by terpenoids. The metabolism of high-quality terpenoids in plants and microbes is facilitated in synthetic biology by genomic resources and emerging tools. Further focus has been given to the ecological value of terpenoids for establishing effective pesticide control approaches and abiotic stress protection. The awareness of the diverse metabolic and molecular regulatory networks for terpenoid biosynthesis needs to be increased continuously in all these efforts. This review gives an overview and highlights current improvements in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways and discusses the prominent therapeutic roles of terpenoids. This review provides an overview and highlights recent literature in our understanding about the biomedical and therapeutic importance of terpenoids, regulation as well as the diversion of core and specialized metabolized terpenoid pathways.
Highlights
Plants perform a range of different metabolic functions with the help of primary and secondary metabolites[1]
This review provides an overview and highlights recent literature in our understanding about the biomedical and therapeutic importance of terpenoids, regulation as well as the diversion of core and specialized metabolized terpenoid pathways
This review gives a significant focus on therapeutic terpenoids, which are studied from organisms other than plants, such as entophytic fungi isolated from Hypericum perforatum, leading to the production of two types of terpenoids name lactones[3]
Summary
Plants perform a range of different metabolic functions with the help of primary and secondary metabolites[1]. Essential oils are mainly extracted from the terpenoids such as aroma plants. Some bacteria like cyanobacteria used MEP method for terpenoids biosynthesis Plants used both of these pathways because they are beneficial for plants in different ways[20,24,27]. Essential oils can be accumulated by all plant organs (for example, buds, flowers, leaves, stems, seeds, products of the soil). They can be extracted in secretory vesicles, epidermis cells, or trichrome glandular cells. Extraction of essential oils from plant material Steam distillation. Various terpenoids are present in essential oils, which are separated by the fractional distillation method. Clinical studies reveal the potential of cannabis and cannabinoids in treatment for reducing chronic neuropathic pain, treating multiple sclerosis, and playing a role as appetite stimulants in cancer patients undertaking chemotherapy and AIDS patients[69]
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