Therapeutic Alternatives for the Mallory-Weiss Tear.

Abstract

The Mallory-Weiss tear (MWT) is a frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been diagnosed more frequently since endoscopy was introduced. Once the diagnosis has been made, several treatment options are available. The treatment modality chosen depends on the type and location of the lesion, the patient's comorbid conditions, the availability of the different therapeutic modalities, and the experience of the endoscopist with each of these different modalities. In general, if the MWT is not actively bleeding at the time of endoscopy, no further treatment is needed owing to a low risk of rebleeding, unless a visible vessel is present. In the presence of a visible vessel or an actively bleeding vessel, then we recommend the use of any of the endoscopic treatment modalities discussed later in this article depending on the patient's condition and clinical scenario. Our review of the literature suggests that multipolar electric coagulation (MPEC) is the treatment modality with better evidence-based support for safety and bleeding control. MPEC has been associated only with very few complications. It should be avoided when esophageal varices are suspected because it may precipitate and aggravate bleeding. In such instances, either polidocanol injection or endoscopic band ligation of the tear is recommended, which is emerging as a safe and effective treatment modality even in patients without varices. In addition, epinephrine injection is an effective first-line modality. However, it should be avoided in patients with history of coronary artery disease owing to the potential for systemic absorption. Endoscopic hemoclipping (EH) is another useful treatment option and is emerging as a first-line modality. However, it is not widely available in all endoscopy emergency units. If it is available, it is a great alternative. Finally, if bleeding continues or recurs despite endoscopic therapy, the patient should be referred for surgical treatment. However, if the patient is not a surgical candidate, then radiologic hemostasis with selective vasopressin or Gelfoam embolization represents a viable treatment alternative that may be used depending on availability of a specialized interventional radiologist.