Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are the main paracrine components of stem cells, mimic the regenerative capacity of these cells. Stem cell-derived EVs (SC-EVs) have been used for the treatment of various forms of tissue injury in preclinical trials through maintenance of their stemness, induction of regenerative phenotypes, apoptosis inhibition, and immune regulation. The efficiency of SC-EVs may be enhanced by selecting the appropriate EV-producing cells and cell phenotypes, optimizing cell culture conditions for the production of optimal EVs, and further engineering the EVs produced to transport therapeutic and targeting molecules.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicular entities with lipid bilayer membranes
They utilized human neural stem cell-derived EVs (NSC-EVs) to treat ischemic stroke that was manufactured by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in pigs, and they found that NSC-EVs eliminated the symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage, decreased the cerebral lesion volume and brain swelling, and preserved the white matter integrity compared to the control pigs [9]
Our studies have revealed that hucMSC-EXs can relieve liver fibrosis in mice by inactivating transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling, reducing collagen deposition, and alleviating inflammation [28]
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicular entities with lipid bilayer membranes. They were initially defined as “platelet dust” in 1967 [1]. Known as “microvesicles” (MVs), are formed by cell membrane budding and apoptotic bodies are produced by the blebbing of aging or dying cells [2,3]. They have been shown to exert similar pathophysiological/regenerative effects on tissue and cellular functions when they are applied to experimental animal models. Stem cells have been used successfully in the treatment of hematological malignancies, graft-versus-host disease, acute thrombocytopenia, and autoimmune diseases in several experimental in vivo studies [4,5]. Some of the possibilities for improving their secretion and altering their components to improve their efficacy toward diverse indications and diseases are summarized
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