Abstract
With the advancement in the mechanism of immune surveillance and immune evasion in cancer cells, cancer immunotherapy shows promising results for treating cancer with established efficacy and less toxicity. As a result of the off-target effect, the approach for delivering vaccines, adjuvants, or antibodies directly to tumor sites is gaining widespread attention. An effective alternative is to utilize nanoengineered particles, functioning as drug-delivery systems or as antigens themselves. This article reviews the practical implementation of nanotechnology in cancer immunotherapy.
Highlights
In the past decades, a number of therapeutic approaches were available for cancer treatment, including surgery, radiation, and other strategies, some of which have been awarded previousNobel Prizes [1,2,3]
Researchers have engineered antigen-capturing nanoparticles (AC-NPs) to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy significantly, which induced an expansion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and increased both CD4+T/regulatory T cell (Treg) and CD8+T/Treg ratios [13]
The fundamental mechanism indicates that either suppressing the local concentration of pro-tumor cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, or enhancing of anti-tumor immune mediators will help to improve the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy
Summary
A number of therapeutic approaches were available for cancer treatment, including surgery, radiation, and other strategies, some of which have been awarded previous. Tumor cells could evade immune surveillance, one of the core hallmarks of cancer, which laid the foundations for cancer immunotherapy [5]. The low targeting effect and anti-cancer efficient limited the application of cancer immunotherapy. Nanoparticles are utilized as either delivery systems to enhance antigen processing and/or as immunostimulant adjuvants to activate or enhance immunity [7]. It raises the extensive interest of studies that nanoparticles. The advancement in nanoparticle-based delivery system enhances the development of nanoimmunotherapy by combinative knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumor immunity
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