Abstract
Breast cancer is a diverse disease caused by mutations in multiple genes accompanying epigenetic aberrations of hazardous genes and protein pathways, which distress tumor-suppressor genes and the expression of oncogenes. Alteration in any of the several physiological mechanisms such as cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair machinery, mitotic checkpoints, and telomere maintenance results in genomic instability. Theranostic has the potential to foretell and estimate therapy response, contributing a valuable opportunity to modify the ongoing treatments and has developed new treatment strategies in a personalized manner. “Omics” technologies play a key role while studying genomic instability in breast cancer, and broadly include various aspects of proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, and tumor grading. Certain computational techniques have been designed to facilitate the early diagnosis of cancer and predict disease-specific therapies, which can produce many effective results. Several diverse tools are used to investigate genomic instability and underlying mechanisms. The current review aimed to explore the genomic landscape, tumor heterogeneity, and possible mechanisms of genomic instability involved in initiating breast cancer. We also discuss the implications of computational biology regarding mutational and pathway analyses, identification of prognostic markers, and the development of strategies for precision medicine. We also review different technologies required for the investigation of genomic instability in breast cancer cells, including recent therapeutic and preventive advances in breast cancer.
Highlights
Breast cancer occurs due to the abnormal functioning of genes controlling the growth and differentiation of cells, which may be caused by any pathological processes or environmental exposure [1]
ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), PALB2, CHEK2, PTEN, TP53, and STK11 are a new panel of genes discovered via next-generation sequencing beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2 to assess inherited breast cancer [11]
Many studies have reported that modified risk factors such as obesity, alcohol consumption, and physical inability contribute to approximately 20% of global breast cancer incidence, and may offer the potential for reduction in the burden of disease through promoting a healthy lifestyle [15]
Summary
Breast cancer occurs due to the abnormal functioning of genes controlling the growth and differentiation of cells, which may be caused by any pathological processes or environmental exposure [1]. Many studies have reported that modified risk factors such as obesity, alcohol consumption, and physical inability contribute to approximately 20% of global breast cancer incidence, and may offer the potential for reduction in the burden of disease through promoting a healthy lifestyle [15]. Breast cancer is mostly epithelial in origin Mammography is currently the most frequently used modality for the diagnosis of asymptomatic and at-risk breast cancer women at the age of 40. Appropriate recommendations are made by surgical and medical oncologists, breast malignancies specialists
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