Theory: Aqueous Charge Injection by Solvation

Abstract

Solvation is a process of aqueous charge injection in the forms of H+, electrons, electron lone pairs, cations, anions, or molecular dipoles with long- and short-range interaction. A solute interacts with its neighboring H2O molecules through the O:H vdW, O:⇔:O super-HB compression, H↔H anti-HB fragilization, ionic or dipolar polarization with screen shielding, and solute-solute interaction and their combinations. The hydration H2O dipoles tend to be aligned oppositely along the electric field screen in turn the electric fields of the solute. The ionic size, charge quantity, and the numbers and spatial distribution of H+ and “:” determine the form of solute-solvent interaction. A solute may be sensitive or not to interference of other solutes depending on the solute size and its extent of screening. The intermolecular nonbond and intramolecular bond cooperative relaxation determines the performance of a solution in terms of surface stress, solution viscosity, energy absorption-emission-dissipation at solvation, solvation temperature, thermal stability, critical pressures and pressures for phase transition.