Abstract
Active constellation extension (ACE) was originally developed to reduce the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Alternatively, ACE can be a promising approach for optimizing various possible aspects of the 2-D constellation signals. However, the literature lacks a rigorous theoretical framework for ACE, and hence its applications are currently limited. This study proposes a formal mathematical framework and theory for ACE for the general case of the 2-D constellation signals. The proposed framework is used to demonstrate the roles of ACE in reducing the PAPR in the OFDM systems with QAM and improving the error performance and throughput of phase shift keying under fading channels.
Highlights
Active constellation extension (ACE) was first proposed in 2003 as a means of reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in quadrature amplitude modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems [1]
In [1] and [2], permissive regions are described as the regions within which the outer constellation points of 4-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) and 16-QAM signals can be moved without decreasing the minimum distance of the constellation points
1Since OFDM with ACE possesses the same PAPR reduction as that of filter-bank multi-carrier (FBMC), without loss of generality, we only address our design in an OFDM system [12]
Summary
Active constellation extension (ACE) was first proposed in 2003 as a means of reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in quadrature amplitude modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems [1]. In [1] and [2], permissive regions are described (without formal definition) as the regions within which the outer constellation points of 4-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) and 16-QAM signals can be moved without decreasing the minimum distance of the constellation points It was shown in [1] and [2] that ACE achieves a significant reduction in the PAPR at the cost of a limited signal power growth in OFDM systems to less than 1 dB. The proposed framework is demonstrated by illustrating the roles of ACE in reducing the PAPR in the OFDM systems with QAM, especially when specific constellation size is adopted, and in improving the error performance and throughput of phase shift keying (PSK) under fading channels.
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