Theoretical study on precise regulation of ESIPT reaction based on ICT effect of o-carborane derivatives

Abstract

The unique stereocarborane fluorophore design has attracted widespread attention because of its ability to effectively enhance the performance of thin-film fluorescence sensors. This study provides a detailed theoretical investigation of the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reactions of three o-carborane derivatives, NaCBO, PaCBO and PyCBO, using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. We found that as the number of benzene rings in the electron donor groups increases, the interaction between the first excited-state electron donor–acceptor fragments is enhanced, weakening the intramolecular hydrogen bonding strength, which in turn inhibits the ESIPT. Notice that the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is proportional to the interaction between electron donor and acceptor fragments with the analysis of electron structure. The higher the ICT level of the target system, the more unstable the keto form generated by ESIPT. Therefore, the ESIPT can be precisely manipulated by rationally adjusting the ICT effect. Furthermore, with increasing solvent polarity, the photophysical properties of the chromophores exhibit non-solvatochromism. This is attributed to the rigid o-carborane structure, which serves as a spatial scaffold to increase the adaptability of the molecule to the environment. This study is expected to provide theoretical guidance and new ideas for preparing high-performance thin-film fluorescence sensing.