Abstract
Another method has been proposed to evaluate the frictional force in the stationary state. This method is applied to the one-dimensional model of clean surfaces. The kinetic frictional force is seen to depend on velocity in general, but the dependence becomes weaker as the maximum static frictional force increases and in the limiting case the kinetic friction becomes only weakly dependent on velocity as described by one of the laws of friction. It is also shown that there is a phase transition between a state with vanishing maximum static frictional force and a state with finite static frictional force. The role of randomness at the interface and the relation to the impurity pinning of the sliding charge-density wave are discussed.
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