Theoretical rates of pulsation period change in the Galactic Cepheids

Abstract

Theoretical estimates of the rates of radial pulsation period change in Galactic Cepheids with initial masses 5.5 M ⊙ ≤ M ZAMS ≤ 13 M ⊙, chemical composition X = 0.7, Z = 0.02 and periods 1.5 day ≤ Π ≤ 100 day are obtained from consistent stellar evolution and nonlinear stellar pulsation computations. Pulsational instability was investigated for three crossings of the instability strip by the evolutionary track in the HR diagram. The first crossing occurs at the post-main sequence helium core gravitational contraction stage which proceeds in the Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale whereas the second and the third crossings take place at the evolutionary stage of thermonuclear core helium burning. During each crossing of the instability strip the period of radial pulsations is a quadratic function of the stellar evolution time. Theoretical rates of the pulsation period change agree with observations but the scatter of observational estimates of $$\dot \Pi$$ noticeably exceeds the width of the band $$\left( {\delta \log \left| {\dot \Pi } \right| \leqslant 0.6} \right)$$ confining evolutionary tracks in the period-period change rate diagram. One of the causes of the large scatter with very high values of $$\dot \Pi$$ in Cepheids with increasing periods might be the stars that cross the instability strip for the first time. Their fraction ranges from 2% for M ZAMS = 5.5 M ⊙ to 9% for M ZAMS = 13 M ⊙ and variables α UMi and IX Cas seem to belong to such objects.