Theoretical Investigation on the Elusive Reaction Mechanism of Spirooxindole Formation Mediated by Cytochrome P450s: A Nascent Feasible Charge-Shift C-O Bond Makes a Difference.

Abstract

Spirooxindoles are pivotal biofunctional groups widely distributed in natural products and clinic drugs. However, construction of such subtle chiral skeletons is a long-standing challenge to both organic and bioengineering scientists. The knowledge of enzymatic spirooxindole formation in nature may inspire rational design of new catalysts. To this end, we presented a theoretical investigation on the elusive mechanism of the spiro-ring formation at the 3-position of oxindole mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450). Our calculated results demonstrated that the electrophilic attack of CpdI, the active species of P450, to the substrate, shows regioselectivity, i.e., the attack at the C9 position forms a tetrahedral intermediate involving an unusual feasible charge-shift C9δ+-Oδ- bond, while the attack at the C1 position forms an epoxide intermediate. The predominant route is the first route with the charge-shift bonding intermediate due to holding a relatively lower barrier by >5 kcal mol-1 than the epoxide route, which fits the experimental observations. Such a delocalized charge-shift bond facilitates the formation of a spiro-ring mainly through elongation of the C1-C9 bond to eliminate the aromatization of the tricyclic beta-carboline. Our theoretical results shed profound mechanistic insights for the first time into the elusive spirooxindole formation mediated by P450s.