Abstract
Recent advances in wire-like communication channels without a physical wire has seen the emergence of wireline-like broadband channels but with atypical high loss. Communication links using such channels (e.g., Proximity Communication, Human Body Communication) are typically broadband, like wireline systems but noise-limited like wireless systems. Hence, employing broad-band communication through such emerging channels calls for new research on analyzing, designing and finding the theoretical limits for receiver topologies suitable for lossy broad-band channels . In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis framework for various broadband receivers in combination with low-noise amplifiers and proposed multi-integrator cascade, which provides significant gain with relatively lower power consumption than the standard gain elements. Through 1) derivation of new noise analysis of integrating-sampling receivers, 2) proposal of a new circuit topology (multi-integrating receiver, MIR) and 3) development of a thorough design space exploration framework, including use of a combination of wireless-inspired Low-noise amplifiers (LNA) with wireline-inspired strong-ARM latches, and the newly proposed MIRs, this paper demonstrates the optimum design choices for some common scenarios. Maximum achievable data rate and optimum energy-efficiency for various channel losses have been obtained theoretically for different topologies revealing their advantages and limitations, intended to serve as a guide for future receiver designs for lossy broad-band channels . All the circuits have been designed in 65 nm CMOS process with a 1 V supply voltage.
Highlights
W ITH the incessant increase in the demand of flexible, efficient and secure communication between electronic devices, several communication standards, schemes and PHYs have emerged and many more are expected to come in future
From eq (30) it can be seen that the RX input-referred noise is mostly dominated by the low-noise amplifier (LNA) and is quite low comparative to that of topology-I leading to a 10 dB improvement in maximum allowable channel loss (Fig. 24)
Note that the minimum bias current required for the LNA varies linearly with data rate (Fig. 10(a)) rendering the energy efficiency of topology-II to be constant which is having a value of 0.082 pJ/bit in this design
Summary
W ITH the incessant increase in the demand of flexible, efficient and secure communication between electronic devices, several communication standards, schemes and PHYs (or, physical layer transceivers) have emerged and many more are expected to come in future. In wireline communication through electrical links, availability of a flat-band low-loss channel upto a certain frequency that is dedicated for each link and does not interfere with others, enables broad-band communication alleviating the need for upconversion/downconversion in most cases This along with a small lowfrequency channel loss reduces the transceiver energy consumption drastically and increases the data rate. Specific examples include μm to mm-scale Proximity Communication ([6]-[10]) and meterscale Human Body Communication (HBC) ([11]-[22]) In the former case, the channel behaves like a simple capacitive divider giving a maximally-flat frequency response and a proximity connector can utilize wireline-like broad-band signalling and mixed-signal processing for energy-efcient implementation.
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