Abstract
In magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used to generate heat in an alternating magnetic field to destroy cancerous cells. This field can be continuous or pulsed. Although a large amount of research has been devoted to studying the efficiency and side effects of continuous fields, little attention has been paid to the use of pulsed fields. In this simulation study, Fourier’s law and COMSOL software have been utilized to identify the heating power necessary for treating breast cancer under blood flow and metabolism to obtain the optimized condition among the pulsed powers for thermal ablation. The results showed that for small source diameters (not larger than 4 mm), pulsed powers with high duties were more effective than continuous power. Although by increasing the source domain the fraction of damage caused by continuous power reached the damage caused by the pulsed powers, it affected the healthy tissues more (at least two times greater) than the pulsed powers. Pulsed powers with high duty (0.8 and 0.9) showed the optimized condition and the results have been explained based on the Arrhenius equation. Utilizing the pulsed powers for breast cancer treatment can potentially be an efficient approach for treating breast tumors due to requiring lower heating power and minimizing side effects to the healthy tissues.
Highlights
Hormone- and/or chemotherapy are used for malignancy that has spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes
We suggest solutions for magnetic particle hyperthermia (MPH) that may minimize the injury to the heathy tissues, but can decrease the power required for the heating system
Using pulsed powers powers for damaging the entire tumor leads to reducing the side effect of the eddy current for damaging the entire tumor leads to reducing the side effect of the eddy current to the to the surrounding heathy tissue for all conditions compared to continuous power—the surrounding heathy tissue for all conditions compared to continuous power—the method method that is currently employed in typical magnetic hyperthermia therapy
Summary
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women aged 50 to 70 years old. The mortality rate due to breast cancer is rather high with a ratio of 1 per 5000 patients worldwide [1,2]. Treatment for breast cancer usually combines surgery with radiation-, hormone- and/or chemotherapy [1]. Hormone- and/or chemotherapy are used for malignancy that has spread beyond the breast (metastases) and lymph nodes. There two common types of surgery: breast-conserving surgery for only removing the breast lump and a rim of surrounding normal breast tissue, and mastectomy surgery for removing the whole breast including the nipple [1,3,4]. The mortality rate of breast cancer depends on its stages. There are five main stages for breast cancer: stage 0, carcinoma in situ or noninvasive breast cancer; stage I, tumors less than 2 cm; stage II, tumor diameters from 2 to 5 cm with only lymph nodes on the same side of breast cancer; stage III, tumors infiltrating happens in the lymph nodes but without metastases; and stage IV, metastases
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