Theodore of Mopsuestia – an exponential exegete of the Antiochian School in the golden age of Christianity

Abstract

This paper explores the life and work of Theodore of Mopsuestia, a key exponent of the Antiochene school of biblical interpretation. After providing biographical background situating Theodore as a student of Libanius and Diodore of Tarsus, the article outlines the history of the School of Antioch and Theodore's role as a teacher propagating principles of grammatical-historical exegesis. His prolific writings included commentaries on much of Scripture, though his interpretation emphasized the literal sense while downplaying typological readings. Doctrinally, Theodore combatted contemporary heresies but evidenced questionable Christology himself. He spoke of two subjects or persons in Christ and rejected the communication of attributes between Christ's divinity and humanity. Though initially orthodox, Theodore's theology anticipated Nestorian ideas, leading Cyril of Alexandria to critique his work. Ultimately the Fifth Ecumenical Council condemned Theodore posthumously. Modern scholarship has aimed to rehabilitate his legacy by distinguishing his use of terminology, assessing newly discovered writings, and analysing translation issues, yet his condemnation has not been overturned. Thus, this study presents a complex picture of this exegetical pioneer – a creative, ingenious interpreter who crossed boundaries into heterodoxy.