The Zero-LDL Hypothesis. Towards Extremely Low LDL Concentrations

Abstract

We investigated the effects of treatment with tranilast on vascular and metabolic dysfunction induced by a high-fat emulsion intragastric administration. Wistar rats were randomized to receive water or high-fat emulsion with or without tranilast treatment (400 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was determined with a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiment and short insulin tolerance test. Vascular reactivity was evaluated using aortic rings in organ chambers. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) expressions, eNOS phosphorylation and activity, MCP-1, H2O2 formation, and NO production were determined in vascular or soleus tissues. Tranilast treatment was found to prevent alterations in vascular reactivity and insulin sensitivity and to prevent increases in plasma glucose and insulin noted in the high-fat emulsion–treated rats. These were associated with increased antioxidant enzyme GPX1 expression, eNOS phosphorylation and activity, and NO production, but reductions in H2O2 accumulation. Moreover, tranilast preserved GPX1 expression in palmitic acid (PA)-treated endothelial cells with a consequent decreased ROS formation and increased eNOS phosphorylation and NO production. Therefore, oxidative stress induced by a relatively short-term high-fat diet could cause the early development of vascular and metabolic abnormalities in rats, and tranilast has a beneficial effect in vascular dysfunctions and insulin resistance via preserving GPX1 and alleviating oxidative stress.