Abstract
Genotoxicological studies are emerging as fundamental for knowing the hazards to our genome, to our health. Drosophila melanogaster is one of the preferable organisms for toxicological research considering its metabolic similarities (viz. on dietary input, xenobiotic metabolizing system, antioxidant enzymes and DNA repair systems) to mammals. Accordingly, somatic mutation and recombination tests (SMARTs) of D. melanogaster are fast and low-cost in vivo assays that have shown solid results evaluating genotoxicity. The w/w + SMART uses the white (w) gene as a recessive marker to monitor the presence of mutant ommatidia (eye units), indicating the occurrence of point mutations, deletions, mitotic recombination or/and nondisjunction. Additionally, several studies used SMARTs to assess antigenotoxicity, with some using the w/w + SMART. We reviewed the state of the art of the w/w + SMART used for antigenotoxicity analysis, focusing on published results, aiming to contribute to the conception of a reliable protocol in antigenotoxicity. As such, genotoxic agents with known action mechanisms, as streptonigrin (oxidative stress inducer), were used as a genotoxic insult for proving the antigenotoxic effects of natural substances (e.g. seaweeds), demonstrating the presence of antimutagens in their composition. These antigenotoxicity studies are crucial for promoting preventive measures against environmental genotoxics that affect humans daily.
Highlights
The environmental emergency is largely related to environmental toxicology
More than 159 million chemical substances are registered in the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), with
somatic mutation and recombination tests (SMARTs) can be assayed using different test conditions, including the D. melanogaster strain (OK strain has potential for genotoxicity testing; presents high susceptibility to reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly due to a low activity of antioxidant enzymes, being more sensitive to increase its antioxidant status upon intake of dietary antioxidants [3, 73]), treatment method, genotoxic agent and sample size
Summary
The environmental emergency is largely related to environmental toxicology. Each day, new molecules are synthesized, or natural molecules are intensively produced that enter in ecosystems and affect them at all levels. It is hoped that worldwide awareness of this reality will be achieved, and the focus of humanity’s greatest concerns will be on the cleansing of the planet by eliminating or at least greatly reducing the produced toxic agents This whole problem greatly affects DNA, causing DNA damage (genotoxicity), affecting DNA repair mechanisms and causing mutations when damage is not properly repaired. Many investigations in DNA damage and DNA repair mechanisms were made, in vitro and in vivo, aiming to know our environment and identifying the harmful compounds to our genome, to our health, leading to preventive actions such as prohibiting the commercialization of certain drugs, construction materials, foods and drinks. Genotoxicological studies using cell cultures and animals are essential for increasing human’s wellbeing, since they display solid results in showing the genotoxicity of compounds and should be standardized (with optimal test conditions) for increasing their reproducibility and precision
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