Abstract
The diabetic wound is the most challenging one to manage, which is associated with microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction, and novel strategies such as using hydrogels demonstrate their promising prospect in treatment and management approaches of the diabetic wound. This study aimed to investigate the effect of collagen/nanoclay/tadalafil hydrogel on wound healing in diabetic rats under HIIT exercise. Hydrogel was synthesized, and then biocompatibility and antibacterial tests were performed. The therapeutic effect of collagen/nanoclay/tadalafil hydrogel was assessed after induction of diabetes in the rat model, and wound healing was evaluated with macroscopic and microscopic tests. The result of the MTT test showed no significant cytotoxicity of collagen/nanoclay/tadalafil hydrogel. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of hydrogel was detected on E. coli and S. aureus. The macroscopic results demonstrated that the wound contraction was considerable in the hydrogel/HIIT exercise and hydrogel groups compared with the HIIT exercise and control groups during 21 days. The microscopic results showed that the presence of fibroblasts, the amount of collagen, the epidermis density, and the formation of hair follicles were increased in the hydrogel/HIIT exercise group compared with other groups in the diabetic rate model. It can be concluded that collagen/nanoclay/tadalafil hydrogel with HIIT exercise could accelerate diabetic wound healing and can be an appropriate candidate for skin regeneration in medical applications.
Highlights
Diabetes has known as a comprehensive metabolic disorder that impacts about 340 million people worldwide
Biocompatibility was studied by culturing HEK 293 cells on hydrogels and control for 24, 48, and 72 h. e developed hydrogel with collagen/nanoclay/ tadalafil was prepared and investigated for wound healing in diabetic wounds with and without HIIT exercise. e MTT test showed no significant cytotoxicity, and the percentage of cell viability was more than 90% for 24, 48, and 72 h (Figure 1)
Antibacterial Analysis. e antibacterial activity of the collagen/nanoclay/tadalafil hydrogel was investigated by two bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria). e quantitative results of antibacterial activity showed that CFU of S. aureus was 140 × 106 and CFU of E. coli was 95 × 106 in the collagen/nanoclay/tadalafil hydrogel, while the CFU of S. aureus and E. coli was 260 × 106 and 240 × 106 in the control group, individually
Summary
Diabetes has known as a comprehensive metabolic disorder that impacts about 340 million people worldwide. Diabetic wounds have been developed in approximately 20% of people with diabetes. E World Health Organization reports that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. Diabetic wound treatments involved pressure off-loading, debridement of wound, infection management with topical antiseptics and topical antibiotics, and revascularization, which are the main principles of diabetic wound therapeutic approaches. Ere are various approaches to debridement such as surgical procedures, wet to dry dressing, biosurgery, preparations of enzymes, hydrogels, and dextranomer polysaccharide paste or polysaccharide beads. When wound dressings change the wound from moist to dry, they supply nonselective debridement, cleaning the wound with necrotic tissue removal. Moisture-retentive dressings involving foams, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, films, hydrofibers, and alginates are helpful in different clinical settings [3]
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