Abstract
Worst performance in cognitive processing tasks shows larger relationships to general intelligence than mean or best performance. This so called Worst Performance Rule (WPR) is of major theoretical interest for the field of intelligence research, especially for research on mental speed. In previous research, the increases in correlations between task performance and general intelligence from best to worst performance were mostly described and not tested statistically. We conceptualized the WPR as moderation, since the magnitude of the relation between general intelligence and performance in a cognitive processing task depends on the performance band or percentile of performance. On the one hand, this approach allows testing the WPR for statistical significance and on the other hand, it may simplify the investigation of possible constructs that may influence the WPR. The application of two possible implementations of this approach is shown and compared to results of a traditional worst performance analysis. The results mostly replicate the WPR. Beyond that, a comparison of results on the level of unstandardized relationships (e.g., covariances or unstandardized regression weights) to results on the level of standardized relationships (i.e., correlations) indicates that increases in the inter-individual standard deviation from best to worst performance may play a crucial role for the WPR. Altogether, conceptualizing the WPR as moderation provides a new and straightforward way to conduct Worst Performance Analysis and may help to incorporate the WPR more prominently into empirical practice of intelligence research.
Highlights
A wealth of research has reported results that support a consistent and moderate to mediocre relationship between mental speed and general intelligence
The Berlin Intelligence Structure Test (BIS) scores were representative compared to the standardization sample, t(120) = −.71, p > .05, Cohen’s d = −.06.7 There were no significant differences in general intelligence between women and men, t(119) = .95, p > .05, Cohen’s d =
As indicated by the effect size proposed in Equation (3), increases in the unstandardized regression weight bB did not differ between set size 1 and 3, but tended to be larger for set size 5
Summary
A wealth of research has reported results that support a consistent and moderate to mediocre relationship between mental speed and general intelligence (for a review, see [1]). Across a variety of different tasks measuring mental speed, Sheppard and Vernon [1] reported an average correlation of r = −.24 between response times and measures of general intelligence This indicates that faster speed of information processing is associated with greater general intelligence. Recent empirical results have suggested that inter-individual differences in mean performance on tasks measuring mental speed or memory capacity may not be best suited to predict general intelligence. It seems that within such tasks worst performance is more indicative for general intelligence [3].
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