Abstract
The final chapter focuses on the actions of African American parents, families, and communities to advocate for their children and create new social and legal recognition for Black childhood. It also focuses on the efforts of African American adults, especially mothers, to regain custody of their children after they had been institutionalized, and it traces the establishment of a political discourse on Black childhood and motherhood in African American newspapers and periodicals. By focusing on African American parents’ actions regarding the care of their children, including their public critiques of juvenile institutions, this chapter illustrates that Black activism developed directly out of concern for the protection of their children and set a precedent for a form of political activism that would reemerge in modern civil rights activism.
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