The Waterproofing Mechanism of Arthropods

Abstract

ABSTRACT The permeability to water of the cuticles of a number of aquatic insects has been measured under conditions of evaporation. The range of rates of evaporation amongst these animals is very great; some adult aquatic beetles are quite as waterproof as more permeable terrestrial insects (caterpillars for example), whereas their larvae would seem to be without specific mechanism for restricting the passage of water. Two methods are described, whereby local differences in permeability may be detected, and from one of these methods it is possible to calculate the permeability/ temperature characteristics of different areas of cuticle of an intact insect. The more impermeable insects have uniform permeability over their entire surfaces; these include adult beetles, and both mature and immature stages of Hemiptera. Larvae of mayflies and of some beetles, which are very permeable to water, likewise show no local differences in permeability. The gills of all the species examined are very permeable to water; those of zygopteran dragonflies are more permeable than the rest of the cuticle at lower temperatures, those of Sialis are much more permeable at all temperatures. The effect of temperature upon permeability has been measured. The more waterproof insects reveal transition phenomena characteristic of organized monolayers of lipid, such as are found in terrestrial insects, but by comparison with them the temperatures at which transition occurs are very low. In particular, the temperature at which adults of Dytiscus and Gyrinus become suddenly more permeable (ca. 25° C.) could obtain in natural circumstances, and the evidence suggests that these animals die through osmotic invasion of water when placed at higher temperatures. Other beetles and aquatic Hemiptera, with higher transition temperatures, survive temperatures above 25° C. These ecological implications are discussed. A transition phenomenon occurs in organized lipid over the main cuticle of Sialis, whereas the more permeable gill shows no evidence of this. There is no evidence for organized lipid on the main cuticle of zygopteran larvae, but the temperature/permeability relations of the general cuticle and of the gill are very different. The absolute permeability, and the shape of the permeability/temperature function, of the cuticle of those insects which have very hydrofuge areas of surface suggest that their waterproofing system consists of only one monolayer of organized lipid, which may be either grease or wax.