Abstract
Urban services, such as water and energy resources, are usually consumed more in a tourism city, than in other city types. The water-energy nexus also contributes to the CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions from urban areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate the link between water distribution systems, electricity consumption, and energy-related CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions from water networks in Pattaya city, Thailand. These networks operate under the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA). The water distribution system was modeled in EPANET software, to simulate and examine the water supply capacity in the service pipes, to ensure that it meets the requirement set by PWA. Data were collected from PWA, in terms of the pressure and flow rate of the water supply and the amount of electricity consumption. The current water distribution system consists of 18 junctions, a with flow rate of 1,000 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> /hour and pressure at 45 m. The electricity consumption is 720 kWh/day and energy-related CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions are 419.11 kgCO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> eq/day. The water distribution system was modeled and analyzed to find the optimum flow rate and pressure for the least electricity consumption. The results show that the optimum solution is the flow rate of 1,500 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> /hour and a pressure at 50 m. Consequently, the electricity consumption is 300 kWh/day, while CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions are reduced to 174.63 kgCO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> eq/day. The findings from this study would benefit the PWA by reducing the electricity consumption and CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions equivalent to 109 MWh/year and 63.73 tCO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> eq, respectively.
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