Abstract
Abstract. National water use accounts are generally limited to statistics on water withdrawals in the different sectors of economy. They are restricted to "blue water accounts" related to production, thus excluding (a) "green" and "grey water accounts", (b) accounts of internal and international virtual water flows and (c) water accounts related to consumption. This paper shows how national water-use accounts can be extended through an example for Indonesia. The study quantifies interprovincial virtual water flows related to trade in crop products and assesses the green, blue and grey water footprint related to the consumption of crop products per Indonesian province. The study shows that the average water footprint in Indonesia insofar related to consumption of crop products is 1131 m3/cap/yr, but provincial water footprints vary between 859 and 1895 m3/cap/yr. Java, the most water-scarce island, has a net virtual water import and the most significant external water footprint. This large external water footprint is relieving the water scarcity on this island. Trade will remain necessary to supply food to the most densely populated areas where water scarcity is highest (Java).
Highlights
Governments usually formulate national water plans by looking how to satisfy water users
This paper shows how national water-use accounts can be extended by including accounts of interprovincial and international virtual water flows and provincial water footprints
The average water footprint related to the consumption of crop products in Indonesia is 1131 m3/cap/yr
Summary
Governments usually formulate national water plans by looking how to satisfy water users. It has been argued that the scope of water management should be extended by adding a consumer and trade perspective to the analysis (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2008). The consumer perspective takes the view that all water resources use links to consumption by final consumers and that consumption patterns are a key factor in water management as well. The trade perspective takes the view that trade in water-intensive products relieves the pressure on water-scarce regions that import those products and enhances the pressure on the water resources in the exporting regions and that trade is a key factor in water management too. Adding the consumer and trade perspectives to the traditional producer perspective would imply that basic water-use accounts need to be extended
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