Abstract
The vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau (LP) of China has clearly increased since the implementation of the Grain for Green Project in 1999, but there is a debate about whether the improved greenness was achieved at the expense of the balance between the supply and demand of water resources. Therefore, developing reliable indicators to evaluate the water availability is a prerequisite for maintaining ecological sustainability and ensuring the persistence of vegetation restoration. This study was designed to evaluate water availability on the LP during 2000–2015, using the evaporative stress index (ESI) derived from a remote sensing dataset. The relative dependences of the ESI on climatic and biological factors (including temperature, precipitation and land cover change) were also analyzed. The results showed that the leaf area index (LAI) in most regions of the LP showed a significant increasing trend (p < 0.05), and larger gradients of increase were mainly detected in the central and eastern parts of the LP. The evapotranspiration also exhibited an increasing trend in the central and eastern parts of the LP, with a gradient greater than 10 mm/year. However, almost the whole LP exhibited a decreased ESI from 2000 to 2015, and the largest decrease occurred on the central and eastern LP, indicating a wetting trend. The soil moisture storage in the 0–289-cm soil profiles showed an increasing trend in the central and eastern LP, and the area with an upward trend enlarged with the soil depth. Further analysis revealed that the decreased ESI on the central and eastern LP mainly depended on the increase in the LAI compared with climatic influences. This work not only demonstrated that the ESI was a useful indicator for understanding the water availability in natural and managed ecosystems under climate change but also indicated that vegetation restoration might have a positive effect on water conservation on the central LP.
Highlights
This study explored the water availability on the Loess Plateau (LP) during 2000–2015 using the evaporative stress index (ESI)
Along with the implementation of the Grain for Green Project, the evaporative stress decreased in most regions of the LP, largely attributable to the increases in the leaf area index (LAI) and precipitation
The region occupied by mosaic vegetation had the largest decrease in the ESI, which mainly occurred in the central and eastern LP
Summary
Water availability is a vital prerequisite for vegetation growth and sustainable ecological development, in an ecologically fragile arid and semi-arid region [6,7]. Vegetation can deplete soil moisture and result in water loss in the form of evapotranspiration (ET) in soil profiles, leading to 4.0/). 2021, 13, 3302 vegetation deterioration due to increasing soil moisture stress [8,9,10]. It is imperative to identify the water availability in the LP region to better understand the links between ET and vegetation health
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