Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterial organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis, pose a major threat to public health, especially in middle and low-income countries. Worldwide in 2018, approximately 10 million new cases of TB were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). There are a limited number of medications available to treat TB; additionally, multi-drug resistant TB and extensively-drug resistant TB strains are becoming more prevalent. As a result of various factors, such as increased costs of developing new medications and adverse side effects from current medications, researchers continue to evaluate natural compounds for additional treatment options. These substances have the potential to target bacterial cell structures and may contribute to successful treatment. For example, a study reported that green and black tea, which contains epigallocatechin gallate (a phenolic antioxidant), may decrease the risk of contracting TB in experimental subjects; cumin (a seed from the parsley plant) has been demonstrated to improve the bioavailability of rifampicin, an important anti-TB medication, and propolis (a natural substance produced by honeybees) has been shown to improve the binding affinity of anti-TB medications to bacterial cell structures. In this article, we review the opportunistic pathogen M. tuberculosis, various potential therapeutic targets, available therapies, and natural compounds that may have anti-TB properties. In conclusion, different natural compounds alone as well as in combination with already approved medication regimens should continue to be investigated as treatment options for TB.
Highlights
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the world’s leading causes of infectious disease-related death despite 90 years of vaccination and 60 years of chemotherapy [1]
It functions as a cofactor in the synthesis of coenzyme A, which is important for fatty acids metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [38]
Researchers summarized that nanoparticles of curcumin may be a favorable adjuvant therapy with standard tuberculosis regimen-and may possibly reduce the risk of MDR-TB and XDR-TB [86]
Summary
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the world’s leading causes of infectious disease-related death despite 90 years of vaccination and 60 years of chemotherapy [1]. About 10% of all persons initially infected progress to active disease which is symptomatic and transmissible. Persons with latent TB are at risk for progression to active disease (referred to as “reactivation”) [14,15]. Genotypic (molecular) methods include the line probe assay which utilize polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse hybridization with specific probes to identify the RNA polymerase B gene in resistant organisms and the Xpert©. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms are defined as those that are resistant to first-line antibiotic medications for TB, such as INH and RIF [22,27]. XDR-TB is defined as bacterial organisms that are resistant to any fluoroquinolone and at least one second line (injectable) drug, such as capreomycin, amikacin, and kanamycin [29]. Gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 23s ribosomal RNA of the 50s subunit
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