Abstract
The "Walls of the Ruler" have long been thought to be part of Egypt's eastern frontier defense system from the early part of the second millennium B.C. Known only from Egyptian texts, any such network during this period is currently not verified by archaeological evidence. The route between Egypt and Canaan in the second millennium B.C. is believed to have run along the northern coast of Sinai. Recent archaeological and geomorphological work in North Sinai has helped to clarify the route during the New Kingdom; and the discoveries of forts at Tells Hebua and Borg, the latter of which I have been responsible for excavating since 2000, have further clarified our view. This article reviews the new evidence for Egypt's defense network during the New Kingdom or Late Bronze Age, including the western end of the route that connected Egypt and the Levant.
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