Abstract
opposite shore of the Firth of Forth. Then it is merely necessary to accept that the simple ring faults seen at the surface of modern calderas are continued at depth (Wilshire's fig. 6, c, p. 480, would well serve to illustrate this if allowance is made for displacement at the neck margin). At the surface there is no reason why there should be any downturning of the bedding, but at depth, where the conduit or fault circumference contracts, the space problem is encountered. To supplement the diverse solutions which have already been advanced (Williams, 1941; Reynolds, 1956) I suggest that the problem is at least partly resolved by the observed downward dragging of the wall rocks and of the bedding inside the neck margins.
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