Abstract
Diesel fuel exhibits excellent combustion characteristics and stability. However, diesel use is becoming restricted because of its associated environmental problems. Fuel emulsification, which increases efficiency and reduces pollution, became the solution of environmental problem. In this study, five water:diesel emulsions with mass ratios (0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.5) via ultrasonication were synthesized with and without surfactant. The optimal water:diesel ratio (=1:1) of an emulsion containing the surfactant was found by analyzing fuel concentration, mixing time, and viscosity. The combustion characteristics of single-droplet optimal emulsions were studied through ignition delay, burning rate, and total droplet lifetime at high temperature (400–700 °C) and pressure (1–15 bar), and micro-explosion phenomenon was observed. Although the ignition delay of emulsion increased, the total lifetime of the emulsion droplet was lower than that of diesel under 5 bar, 600 °C condition.
Highlights
Diesel engines are more efficient, durable, and reliable than gasoline engines
The viscosity of water and diesel remains uniform above a shear rate of 30 s−1 ; both fluids exhibit Newtonian behavior [26]
Various emulsions were synthesized in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 water/diesel mass ratio, and the optimum emulsion-containing surfactant was selected
Summary
Diesel engines are more efficient, durable, and reliable than gasoline engines. Today, diesel engines are subjected to strict emission regulations worldwide in terms of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which compromise human health [1]. An alternative fuel of higher combustion efficiency associated with fewer emissions is required. Emulsions exhibit higher combustion efficiency, associated with fewer emissions, than conventional fuels [2,3,4]. Such improvements are rendered possible by micro-explosions (“puffing”). The viscosity and combustion characteristics of an emulsion droplet require further study; physicochemical status is affected by the temperature, mixing method, and water:oil weight ratio, rendering research outcomes inconsistent [12,13,14,15]. Combustion of single-droplet fuel emulsions, optimized in terms of the water:fuel ratio, was studied at high temperatures (400–700 ◦ C)
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