Abstract
In this paper, I review the development of three-dimensional geographic information systems (GISs) and demonstrate how we can move beyond this to extend GIS to virtual reality. Existing elements of GIS which can imply three-dimensional representation, namely two-dimensional representation, digital elevation modeling, and visualization techniques, are first reviewed. Then it is argued that new techniques in multimedia, three-dimensional modeling and virtual reality are now at the point where they might be embodied in GIS. However, to do this, a true three-dimensional GIS must enable the following functions: realistic representation of the third dimension in data and in visualization, free movement of the user within the three-dimensional representation, normal GIS functions such as query, overlay, etc, but within three-dimensional data space, and visibility functions such as line of sight and related requirements. These ideas are then illustrated with several demonstrations being developed using new genera...
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