The Videosonde System and Its Use in the Study of East Asian Monsoon Rain

Abstract

Knowledge about precipitation particles in clouds is a prerequisite for the study of precipitation and cloud electrification mechanisms. A videosonde that can inform in-cloud precipitation particle shape and charge has been designed and more than 200 videosondes have been launched into monsoon clouds from 13 different locations in east Asia during the past 12 years. Rain is divided into three different regions with respect to the precipitation mechanisms: “cool” in inland China, “mixed” over the Maritime Continent, and “frozen” over the west Pacific. Low concentrations of both ice crystal and graupel were observed over the west Pacific where lightning activities are weak. Ice crystals grew primarily on frozen drops and varied highly with different drop-size distributions near the melting level. Large cloud drops over the open ocean due to low CCN are slow to form ice crystals and suggest inactive ice crystal production. Electric charge measurements helped to study the particle evolution in rain systems. I...