The Vertical and Horizontal Spiritual Fitness Inventory and meaning in life in secular, Christian, and non-Christian samples

Abstract

ABSTRACT Using the new 11-item Vertical and Horizontal Spiritual Fitness Inventory, the study examines whether vertical spirituality (which is traditional spirituality), and horizontal spirituality (which is a worldly form of transcendence) jointly contribute to purpose, meaning, and well-being across secular, Christian, and non-Christian samples in accordance with the US Department of Defense’s concept of spiritual fitness. Results across the secular, Christian, and non-Christian samples suggested that the Vertical and Horizontal Spiritual Fitness Inventory appeared to be valid and predictive of outcomes over and above the Sources of Meaning in Life Questionnaire. Vertical spirituality was important primarily for religious populations, but horizontal spirituality was important in all populations. Overall, results suggested that both vertical and horizontal spirituality are important in understanding well-being and resiliency. Furthermore, the Vertical and Horizontal Spiritual Fitness Inventory appears to be a valid and economical measure of spiritual fitness that can be used in pluralistic populations.