The ventricular septal defect in complete transposition of the great arteries: Pathologic anatomy in 57 cases with emphasis on subaortic, subpulmonary, and aortic arch obstruction

Abstract

Fifty-seven heart specimens with complete transposition (concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculo-arterial connections) and ventricular septal defect were reviewed to establish the spectrum of morphology of the ventricular septal deficiency and to correlate the type of defect with presence of subarterial and aortic arch obstruction. The ventricular septal defect was single in 52 cases (27 perimembranous and 25 muscular) and multiple in five. A normal alignment between the outlet component and the rest of the muscular septum was present in 18 cases (10 perimembranous, five muscular, and three multiple). The defect was the consequence of septal malalignment in the other 39 specimens; 29 with rightward and 10 with leftward displacement of the outlet septum. Rightward displacement led to perimembranous defects in 16 cases and muscular defects in 12. In another instance, a perimembranous malalignment defect was associated with a muscular inlet defect. Subaortic stenosis due to either deviation of the outlet septum or prominence of the ventriculo-infundibular fold and septoparietal trabeculations was observed in 14 cases. Leftward displacement of the outlet septum was associated with one perimembranous and eight muscular defects and with multiple (muscular outlet plus muscular inlet) defects in another case. Of these, five cases showed subpulmonary stenosis. Aortic arch obstructions were present in 19 cases; 14 showed rightward malalignment of the outlet septum, which produced subaortic stenosis. These findings suggest two things: Unlike the situation in hearts with "normally related" great arteries, most defects in complete transposition result from malalignment of the outlet septum, with many being of the muscular type. Rightward or leftward displacement of the outlet septum frequently results in subaortic or subpulmonary stenosis, respectively. Aortic arch obstructions, although frequent, are not always associated with subaortic stenosis.