Abstract
Despite the growing reliance of firms on IPRs, the existing empirical evidence still provides a fragmented picture of the way firms combine them in different sectors. This is mainly a consequence of data filing in separate databases. This study therefore reports the firm-level and sector-level application of patents, trademarks, design rights and plant breeders’ rights by Dutch firms based on matched data from various IP offices covering a five year period. We study both the variety of IPR application and its intensity for firms across different industries and in different size classes. We conclude that both the distribution of firm-level IPR variety and intensity are right-skewed, particularly for small firms in supplier dominated industries. A cluster analysis covering the variety and intensity of IPR application, industry characteristics and firm size reveals that companies basically follow five different IPR application approaches, ranging from the ad hoc use of trademarks or patents to the serial combination of multiple IPRs. Based on these results we propose an agenda for research into the economics of combining IPRs for innovation portfolio purposes.
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