The variance inflation factor to account for correlations in likelihood ratio tests: deformation analysis with terrestrial laser scanners

Abstract

The measurement noise of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) is correlated. Neglecting those correlations affects the dispersion of the parameters when the TLS point clouds are mathematically modelled: statistical tests for the detection of outliers or deformation become misleading. The account for correlations is, thus, mandatory to avoid unfavourable decisions. Unfortunately, fully populated variance covariance matrices (VCM) are often associated with computational burden. To face that challenge, one answer is to rescale a diagonal VCM with a simple und physically justifiable variance inflation factor (VIF). Originally developed for a short-range correlation model, we extend the VIF to account for long-range dependence coming from, for example, atmospheric turbulent effects. The validation of the VIF is performed for the congruency test for deformation with Monte Carlo simulations. Our real application uses data from a bridge under load.