Abstract
Abstract. East Asia is a densely populated region with a myriad of primary emissions of pollutants such as black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO). To characterize primary emissions over the eastern coast of China, a series of field campaigns were conducted in 2011, including measurements from a ship cruise, island, and coastal receptor sites. The relationship between BC and CO is presented here for the first ship cruise (C1), the second ship cruise (C2), an island site (Changdao Island, CD), and a coastal site (Wenling, WL). The average BC mass concentrations were 2.43, 2.73, 1.09, 0.94, and 0.77 µg m−3 for CD, WL, C1-YS (Yellow Sea), C1-ES (East China Sea), and C2-ES, respectively. For those locations, the average CO mixing ratios were 0.55, 0.48, 0.31, 0.36, and 0.27 ppm. The high loadings of both BC and CO imply severe anthropogenic pollution over the eastern coast of China. Additionally, the linear correlation between BC and CO was regressed for each location. The slopes, i.e., the ratios of ΔBC to ΔCO derived from their relationship, correlated well with the ratios of diesel consumption to gasoline consumption in each province/city, which reveals vehicular emission to be the common source for BC and CO and that there are distinct fuel structures between North and South China. The ΔBC/ΔCO values at coastal sites (Changdao Island and Wenling) were much higher than those over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, and the correlation coefficients also showed a decreasing trend from the coast to the sea. Therefore, the quantity of ΔBC/ΔCO and the correlation coefficients are possible indicators for the aging and removal of BC.
Highlights
Atmospheric radiative forcing is caused by a variety of particulate and gaseous air pollutants
black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) at Changdao Island had concentration ranges of 0.3–8.5 μg m−3 and 0.1–2.9 ppm (Fig. 3a), while BC at Wenling had a wider range of 0.1–13.7 μg m−3 and CO had a narrower range of 0.1–1.6 ppm (Fig. 3b)
The green line (Fig. S1 in the Supplement) is the 24 h forward trajectory starting at BC peak time for Changdao Island, and the green one (Fig. S2) is the 24 h backward trajectory starting at BC peak time for the Yellow Sea
Summary
Atmospheric radiative forcing is caused by a variety of particulate and gaseous air pollutants. BC aging includes physical condensation–coagulation and chemical oxidation, which transform BC from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particles (Huang et al, 2013) It plays an important role in global BC distribution and budget (He et al, 2016; Huang et al, 2013) and has a significant influence on optical and hygroscopic properties of BC particles (Bond et al, 2006; He et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2008; Khalizov et al, 2009a). Among these was a campaign from March to April including both the island station and marine cruise observations
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